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Table of Contents
Science
Cosmetology
Overview
Cosmetologists are licensed professionals who work towards improving a client’s personal appearance by providing services related to grooming, hair care, skin care, styling and makeup. They may specialise and provide service in one particular aspect such as hair and make up or look after the complete grooming of an individual. Cosmetologists can work in many different settings and one of the most attractive aspect of this career choice is the variety of opportunities available. They have flexible schedules, both full and part-time. They can be associated with a salon, work part-time at a local commercial styling chain or even have their own business. Services provided by cosmetologists are quite popular and in high demand. Some sort them out for grooming purposes while others can seek them out to relieve everyday stress. An individual can specialize in different areas as a Cosmetologist such as :
- Hair Styling : Hair stylists specialize in cutting, colouring and styling hair in order to enhance or maintain a person’s appearance.
- Nail–Art Artistry : Nail technicians provide services such as artificial nails, gel nails, hand massages, hot-oil therapy, nail fills, nail repair, nail wraps and nail polishing.
- Makeup Artistry : Makeup artists specialise in the use of different makeup products and applying them to meet the requirement of the clients. Some even specialize in combining the use of makeup and prosthetics to aesthetically enhance or even change the appearance of the individual.
- Skin Care : Beauticians who work in skin care are called Estheticians. They focus on keeping a client’s skin looking healthy, by providing facials, peels and moisturizing treatments. They may also perform hair removal services, such as waxing and laser hair removal treatments.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Employed at parlours, fitness clinics, hotels & health resorts, fashion &modeling industry, cruise ships etc
- Associated with online beauty service providers such as Urban Clap
- Project based work in TV & Film industry
- Sales consultants in cosmetic firms and department stores
- Entrepreneurs (running own business)
Roles & Responsibilities
Certain duties attached with this field are :
- Engage with customers to understand their requirements and make suggestions accordingly.
- Book appointments for various events like marriage, functions etc.
- Maintain equipment used at parlours and keep the work area clean.
- Style hair in accordance with the makeup and the overall desired look of the client.
- Provide guidelines to clients on how to take care of their hair and skin.
- Ensure that customers are satisfied with the service provided.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Friendly and hospitable in dealing with customers.
- Good communication skills.
- Creative in outlook and have good perceptual skill in regard to colour and styling.
- Ability to deliver a broad range of beauty treatments and services.
- Capacity to multitask and meet deadlines on a regular basis.
- Excellent planning and time management skills.
- Remain up to date with the latest and evolving trends in the industry.
- Possess good business sense if the desire is to venture as an independent professional.
How to get there
Cosmetologists can be broadly classified into two categories – based on their specialization and qualification – Medical Professionals and Non-Medical Cosmetologists. Even though their job responsibilities may be similar, they possess completely different qualifications and methods of application.
- Medical Cosmetologist or Cosmetic Dermatologist : One should have a Postgraduate degree in Dermatology (MD or diploma/DNB) after MBBS
- Non–Medical Cosmetologist : Doesn’t need any professional qualifications but rather good hands on experience.
A cosmetologist requires practical skills which can be acquired either by working at a saloon or by enrolling for a course at a well reputed beauty school. There are many short-term diploma and certificate courses in beauty and hair care that one can choose from depending on their area of interest.
Zoology
Overview
Zoology is a science that involves the study of the animal kingdom, both living and extinct. Professionals in this field review and analyze the structure, physiology, life processes and classification of different species in detail. They also monitor and study the impact, humans have on wildlife and their natural habitats, along with keeping a close eye on the population of different species. Animal scientists, as they are sometimes referred to as, conduct research on both individual organisms and species as a whole by collecting and analyzing data from natural habitats and testing it in laboratories. Preservation of different species on our planet is of paramount importance in maintaining the delicate balance between nature and life on earth. Zoology as a science promotes conservation through programs like natural rehabilitation and breeding and raises awareness of endangered &at risk species.
Given below are various fields under zoology :
- Helminthology – It is the study of parasitic worms (helminths).
- Lepidopterology– It is a branch of entomology which is concerned with the scientific study of moths and butterflies.
- Conchology – It is the branch of zoology dealing with the shells of mollusks(snails, slugs, mussels and octopuses).
- Nematology – It is the scientific study of nematodes or roundworms.
- Entomology – It is the study of insects and their relationship with their environment.
- Protozoology– It is the study of unicellular organisms (protozoans).
- Parazoology –Parazoology is the study of sponges.
- Cnidology – It is the study of coelenterates (jellyfishes, corals, and sea anemones).
- Carcinology – It is a branch of zoology that studies crustaceans i.e.a group of arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, barnacles and crabs.
- Batrachology – It is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians including frogs, toads, newts, salamanders and caecilians (limbless-serpentine amphibians).
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Zoologist
- Parasitologist
- National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary Manager
- Wildlife Educators & Rehabilitators
- Researcher
- Animal Breeder
- Academicians
- Zoo Director
Roles & Responsibilities
Certain duties attached with this field are :
- Develop and conduct experimental studies with animals in controlled or natural surroundings.
- Collect biological data and specimens for analysis.
- Study the characteristics of animals such as their interactions with other species, reproduction, population dynamics, diseases and movement patterns.
- Monitor and analyse the impact of human activity on wildlife and their natural habitats.
- Estimate, monitor and manage wildlife populations and maintain data for the same.
- Publish research papers, reports and scholarly articles based on scientific experiments and research conducted.
- Provide guidance and make recommendations for developing policies and programs for wildlife preservation.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Ability to think critically and have strong analytical skills to test theories, devise experiments and deal with complex data sets.
- Good observation skills to study animal behaviour in their natural habitats as well as in laboratories.
- Need to be patient and resilient in their approach towards work.
- Detail oriented and investigative in carrying out different aspects of research.
- Sound judgement and reasoning skills to draw logical and scientific conclusions.
- Ability to adapt well to different work settings.
- Good at solving problems efficiently.
- Strong communication and interpersonal skills to convey one’s research findings to others.
- Need to be a team player as one often has to collaborate with other scientists and professionals from various different fields.
How to get there
Path 1:
- Clear 12th standard in science stream (Biology)
- B.Sc. (Hons) Zoology / B.Sc. (Hons) Life Sciences / B.Sc. (Hons) Biological Sciences – 3 years
- M.Sc. Zoology / M.Sc. In Life Sciences – 2 years
- Ph.D for 3-5 years
Path 2:
- Clear 12th standard in science stream (Biology)
- B.Sc. (Hons) Zoology / B.Sc. (Hons) Life Sciences / B.Sc. (Hons) in Biological Sciences – 3 years
- Diploma/PG Diploma in Zoology – 1-2 years
Physics
Overview
Physics is the natural science that attempts to define the fundamental measurable quantities such as energy, velocity etc and find the relationship between these quantities. Put simply, it studies matter and its properties through space and time. With the help of equations, graphs, charts, diagrams, models and other means it allows us to express the relationship in a meaningful manner; the knowledge of which can consequently lead to practical applications. Individuals with a passion for understanding how things work and conducting scientific experiments could explore the numerous career paths that this field offers. Physicists tend to sub-specialise in fields such as particle physics, quantum mechanics, astrophysics, geophysics, biophysics, nanophysics, condensed matter physics, atomic physics etc. It extends and enhances our understanding of other disciplines such as the agricultural, chemical, computer science, biological, engineering and environmental sciences.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Defence Services : The Indian Armed Forces provide ample opportunities for individuals with a background in physics for research and development of weapon and guidance technology, communication & software designing, nuclear warheads etc.
- Meteorology : Individuals in this field are required to collect and analyse data from satellite images, remote sensors and weather stations to study climate change.
- Nanotechnology : Nanotechnology is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. Those looking to work in this area need to have a practical approach to problem solving, be able to reason clearly and communicate complex ideas with ease.
- Oil & Gas : This sector employs physicists to develop new technology to extract resources with minimum damage to the environment. They also conduct ongoing research in the renewable energy sector to meet future demands for fuel.
- Research : Those who are interested in conducting research in specialised areas such as electromagnetism, astrophysics, particle physics, thermodynamics, classical mechanics, wave phenomena etc can join research organisations and contribute in developing and advancing theories for the same.
- Astronomy : Astronomists study and gather data on the movement, nature, constitution, history and possible future developments of celestial objects. They apply the laws of physics and mathematics to develop and test theories in order to unravel the mysteries of the universe.
- Education : The education sector attracts physicists who prefer to teach students and remain in touch with the evolving field. The can also become part of projects funded by universities or research organisations to contribute in ongoing theoretical advancements in the field.
- Space Exploration Industry : Physics degrees holders make up the majority of employees in the space exploration, satellite and affiliated research industries. Physicists apply scientific principles to the research, design and development of advanced satellite and space technologies.
- Telecommunication : Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, words, writings, images and sounds by wire, radio, optical or electromagnetic systems. Government as well as private agencies in this sector employ individuals with a degree in physics at different levels.
- Engineering : The engineering sector provides many career options to degree holders, particularly within the manufacturing and technology unit. Individuals interested in applying theoretical knowledge in a practical manner should explore this sector.
- Medicine : Physics plays an integral role in the development of new medical technologies, medicines and procedures. Degree holders can find numerous opportunities in this field depending on their area of interest.
Roles & Responsibilities
Certain duties attached with this field are :
- Developing theories and laws to explain the behaviour of matter and energy based on observations and experiments.
- Designing experiments to prove or advance theories of physics.
- Performing complex calculations as a part of data analysis and evaluating results.
- Drawing scientific conclusions based on one’s findings and publishing results in scientific journals.
- Collaborating with experts from other fields on research projects.
- Attend conferences, present research findings, give lectures and stay up to date with latest developments in the field.
- Handling and working with radioactive material and equipment in laboratories.
- Advising and counselling government authorities in the use of radioactive materials and their impact on the environment.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Precise, accurate and detail oriented approach to work.
- Good communication and interpersonal skills.
- Ability to think in a logical and critical manner.
- Strong theoretical foundation of core and interdisciplinary subjects.
- Excellent analytic skills to be able to carry out scientific experiments and studies.
- Openness to re-evaluate one’s theory and scientific approach when experiments or theories fail.
- Willingness to keep on learning as a professional with the advancement of new theories in the field.
How to get there
Path 1:
- Clear 12th standard in science stream with 50% aggregate overall
- BSc in Physics/Applied Physics/ BioPhysics
- MSc in Applied Physics/Medical Physics/ Renewable Energy/Ballistics/Bio Physics/ Geophysics/Engineering Physics/ Marine Geophysics.
- PhD in Applied Physics/Biophysics/Nuclear Physics/Thin Films/Chemical Thermodynamics/Kinematics.
Path 2:
- Clear 12th standard in science stream with 50% aggregate overall
- BSc in Physics / Applied Physics/ BioPhysics
- M.Sc. (Physics) + Certificate Program in Training & Development/ Masters of Science & Technology in Geophysics/ Master of Philosophy (M. Phil) in Applied Physics/ Master of Philosophy (M. Phil) in Physics/ M.Sc. + D. (Physics and Astrophysics).
- D. in Applied Physics/Chemical Thermodynamics/ Kinematics/ Biophysics/Nuclear Physics/ Thin Films
Merchant Navy
Overview
The Merchant Navy is the backbone of international trade, transporting cargo all over the world. Merchant navy ships employ a huge number of workers to carry and deliver goods from one country to another. Merchant navy officers are employed by commercial shipping companies to work on all kinds of seagoing vessels such as cargo ships, cruise liners, tankers, cable laying vessels, repair ships and hovercrafts. Industries such as oil & gas production, tourism, e-commerce, telecommunications are hugely dependent upon the merchant navy to ensure that they are able to provide their goods and services to customers all around the world. The merchant navy offers exciting and challenging job opportunities for interested candidates.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- The Deck Officer : They are in charge of the navigation of the ship. The captain is the leader of the ship who maintains discipline and ensures the safety of everyone onboard. He is assisted by the first, second and third mate.
- Marine Engineer : They are responsible for the smooth running and maintenance of the engine of the ship. He is assisted by second, third, fourth and fifth grade engineers.
- Electrical Officer : They ensure the operation, maintenance and repair of all electrical and refrigeration systems onboard.
- Marine Radio Officer (MRO) : The MRO is a professional on board a ship who handles all radio based communications for the ship. They use radio, Morse Code and other electronic and satellite communication to receive and record time signals, weather reports and other important information data.
- Service Department : Individuals in this department take care of the needs of the crew on the ship. For example – food & catering, laundry etc.
Roles & Responsibilities
Certain duties attached with this field are :
- Navigating vessels using a range of satellite and radar systems and equipment.
- Checking weather and navigation reports and taking appropriate action.
- Coordinating the safe loading, storage and unloading of cargo.
- Managing the care and safety of passengers.
- Managing ship communication systems.
- Operating and maintaining the mechanical and electrical equipment on board.
- Monitoring and maintaining safety equipment on board.
- Implementing regular equipment inspections and maintenance programmes.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Need to be a team player.
- Ability to inspire and lead a crew.
- Be confident in one’s skills set.
- High levels of adaptability.
- Ability to remain at sea for long periods of time.
- Good problem solving skills.
- Be calm and decisive in emergencies.
- Have good spoken and written communication skills.
- Be able to prioritise workloads.
How to get there
After 10th standard :
- Near Coastal Voyage (NCV)
- Diploma in Nautical Science (DNS)
- Commercial Diving
- G.P. Rating
After 12th standard :
- B.Sc. Nautical Science
- B.E. Mechanical Engineering
- B.E. Harbour & Ocean Engineering
- B.E. Civil Engineering
- B.E. Electrical & Electronics Engineering
- B.Sc. Marine Catering
- B.E. Marine Engineering
- B.E. Naval Architecture and Offshore Engineering
- B.E. Petroleum Engineering
- Electro Technical Officer Course
Eligibility :
- Clear 12th standard (PCM)
- Indian citizen
- Clear Screening and Written test
- Clear Interview & Medical test
Entrance Exams :
- Indian Maritime University Common Entrance Test (IMU CET)
- All India Merchant Navy Entrance Exam
Mathematics
Overview
Mathematics is concerned with explaining changes within a framework of numericals and equations to establish quantitative relationships. It is an interdisciplinary and language tool which is defined by the types of problems it addresses, the methods it uses to address these problems and the results it consequently achieves. Mathematicians can be categorised into – a) Applied mathematicians and b) Pure mathematicians. Applied mathematicians use theoretical knowledge to come up with practical solutions for a problem. They find application in other science and engineering fields. On the other hand, pure mathematicians devise theories and study the theoretical constructs within the field. They are more concerned with exploring new ideas and understanding them using mathematical concepts. Without the knowledge provided by this field, we wouldn’t be able to understand abstract concepts within a logical framework and find solutions for the numerous problems that we face as a society today.
Given below are some of the fields under Mathematics which provide career opportunities :
- Finance & Banking : Finance and banking sector uses mathematical tools, concepts and theories in its day to day functioning. Degree holders can choose from a variety of career options such as auditor, tax accountant, management accountant, corporate advisor, bank teller, investment banker etc.
- Actuarial Science : As a discipline, it applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in insurance, finance and other industries.
- Statistics : Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with data collection, its organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation.
- Academics & Research : People interested in dealing with pure mathematical concepts, exploring new ideas, revising existing theories and conducting research for the same prefer to stay in touch with the theoretical knowledge via academics. Teaching mathematical principles and concepts to students is also a lucrative option for many.
- Engineering : Math graduates with a strong command over mathematicals concepts can apply the same in coming up with innovative and practical solutions for day to day problems. They can be found working in structural, mechanical, aeronautical and many other realms of engineering.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Actuarial analyst
- Academician
- Operational researcher
- Data scientist
- Software engineer
- Statistician
- Meteorologist
- Chartered accountant
- Investment analyst
- Research scientist (mathematics)
Roles & Responsibilities
Certain duties attached with this field are :
- Designing and conducting experimental studies to test theories or develop new concepts.
- Use mathematical formulas and models to prove or dismiss theories.
- Apply mathematical theories and techniques to solve practical problems in business, engineering and other scientific fields.
- Develop mathematical or statistical models to analyse data.
- Interpret data and report conclusions based on data analysis.
- Present mathematical arguments and conclusions with accuracy and clarity.
- Collaborate with professionals from other fields to work on projects to come up with innovative and practical solutions for any given problem.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Strong theoretical knowledge.
- Be able to think in a critical and logical manner.
- Have a dynamic perspective while dealing with data.
- Excellent analytical and problem solving skills.
- Ability to draw scientific conclusions from data.
- Good organisational and managerial skills.
- Self-motivated and passionate about one’s work.
- Adequate communication skills.
How to get there
Geology
Overview
Geology is an applied science, dealing with the study of the origin and evolution of the structure of our planet. Geologists examine the physical properties of earth to understand its history, predict natural/man-made disasters, find out about past and current climate patterns and explore renewable and non-renewable resources. They also study natural resources of the earth such as oil, natural gas, minerals and develop ways to extract them safely without disturbing the natural ecological balance. They usually study geology as a subject, although backgrounds in physics, chemistry, biology, and other sciences are also useful. Field work is an important component of geology and some specialisations require laboratory experimentation as well. Geological findings are applied to the fields of remote sensing, resource mapping, computer simulations and recycling technology.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Oceanography : Oceanography is a scientific discipline concerned with all aspects of the world’s oceans and seas. This includes their physical and chemical properties, origin, geologic framework and the life forms that inhabit the marine environment.
- Petroleum Geologist : Petroleum geologists deal with natural reserves of oil on both land and sea. They look at the structural and sedimentary aspects of the stratum/strata to identify possible oil traps and develop the most efficient plans for extraction.
- Hydrologist : Hydrologists identify and analyze water sources to meet the needs of present and future generations. They study the various properties of water in great depth.
- Palaeontology : They study fossils found in geological formations, in order to trace the evolution of animal and plant life and make estimates about their age, life span, features etc.
- Marine Geology : It is a broad domain associated with the study of the ocean floor. They focus on areas affected by our oceans including the deep ocean floor, slopes and shelves that surround the continents and coastal areas like beaches.
- Petrologist : They study the composition, texture, structure of rocks and the conditions under which they form in a scientific manner.
- Seismologist : Seismologists engage in in-depth study of earthquakes and the structure of the earth. They locate earthquakes and earthquake faults using geological data.
- Geophysicist : A geophysicist is someone who studies the earth using magnetic, electrical, gravity and seismic methods.
- Mineralogist : They study the physical and chemical analysis of minerals along with its classification and deposits. Their work aids in the classification of land for residential, industrial and agricultural use.
- Geo Hydrologist : They scientifically investigate and evaluate underground water resources, their quality and characteristics. They help in identification of water pollutants and provide advice for construction of water reservoirs.
- Geographer : Geographers study the earth and its land, features and inhabitants. They also look at the impact different life forces have on each other.
- Photogrammetry : Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs, especially for recovering and locating the exact positions of structures on earth’s surface.
Roles & Responsibilities
Certain duties attached with this field are :
- Investigate the structure of earth and its natural resources.
- Plan programmes for exploration of oil, gas, water and minerals sites for the purpose of extraction.
- Collect samples from different sites depending on the objective behind the study.
- Monitor the acquisition of data to ensure consistent quality.
- Analyze sample data on various parameters for research purposes.
- Perform geophysical and geotechnical testing.
- Interpret data to determine subsurface geology and the economic importance of natural resources.
- Provide assistance to junior geologists when needed.
- Perform various field tasks by applying standard geological techniques.
- Assess the potential quality of minerals and other natural resources.
- Prepare reports on completed field work and research findings.
- Analyze, examine and classify materials such as rocks, fossils, soil etc precisely.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Have a scientific and analytical bent of mind.
- Strong theoretical knowledge.
- Passion and drive to keep oneself motivated.
- Inquisitive and good observational skills.
- Determined and resilient in approach.
- Ability to multitask and manage time well.
- Work well within a team setup.
- Good communication skills.
- Hunger to keep learning with growing experience.
How to get there
Path 1 :
- Clear 12th standard in science stream
- B.Sc. Geology – 3 years
- M.Sc. Geology/ M.Tech Geophysics/ Applied Geology – 2 years
- PhD for 2-3 years
Path 2 :
- Clear 12th standard in science stream
- Integrated graduation and post-graduation courses M.Sc. Geophysics/ Applied Geology/ M.Tech. Geology – 5 years
- PhD for 2-3 years
Bachelor’s degree:
Eligibility: Clear 12th standard with PCM Duration: Bachelors – 3 years and Applied Honours – 4 years.
Master’s degree :
Eligibility: Graduate with minimum 50% aggregate. Duration: Masters – 2 years
Forensic Science
Overview
Forensic science can be simply understood as scientific methodology and processes applied to solving crime. It is a crucial element of the modern day judiciary system. Forensic science utilizes modern technology and knowledge from a variety of disciplines to analyze crime scene data and present it as legally acceptable evidence. The field of forensic science draws from a number of scientific branches, including physics, chemistry and biology; focusing on the recognition, identification and evaluation of physical evidence. Forensic scientists perform both physical and chemical analyses on physical evidence obtained by crime scene investigators at the crime scene. Professionals in the field use microscopic examination techniques, complex instruments, mathematical principles, scientific principles and refer theories/literature to analyze evidence. They may work at a forensic laboratory or collect evidence from a crime scene. A degree in forensic science provides a well rounded education rooted in the physical sciences, biology and chemistry, as well a basic understanding of law. Forensic scientists can be broadly divided into three groups:
- Forensic Pathologist : These include medical examiners and other professionals who oversee autopsies and clinical forensic examinations.
- Forensic Scientist : These are professionals working in law enforcement, government or private forensic laboratories who conduct specific tests and analyses such as toxicology, ballistics, trace evidence, etc.
- Associated Scientist : These professionals provide additional assistance to investigators catering to specific aspects of a crime such as bite marks, insect infestation, postmortem etc. Forensic odontologists, forensic botanists, forensic anthropologists, forensic toxicologist etc are some examples of specialists under this category.
Based on the above categories forensic science can have the following specialisations: Trace Evidence Analysis, Forensic Toxicology, Forensic Psychology, Forensic Podiatry, Forensic Pathology, Forensic Optometry, Forensic Odontology, Forensic Linguistics, Forensic Geology, Forensic Entomology, Forensic Engineering, Forensic DNA Analysis, Forensic Botany, Forensic Archeology, Forensic Anthropology, Digital Forensics and Criminalistics.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Forensic medical examiner
- Forensic engineer
- Crime scene photographer
- Criminal investigator
- Crime lab technician
- Forensic psychologist
- Fingerprint analyst
- Forensic anthropologist
- Member of Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) & Intelligence Bureau (IB)
Roles & Responsibilities
Duties in this field depend on one’s area of specialisation and place of work. Some of the duties are as follows :
- Analyze crime scenes to determine what evidence should be collected and how.
- Collect adequate samples without tampering with the crime scene.
- Take photographs, collect weapons, fingerprints etc in a scientific manner.
- Catalog and preserve evidence for transfer to crime labs.
- Reconstruct crime scenes based on the evidence collected.
- Perform chemical, biological and microscopic analyses on evidence taken from crime scenes.
- Explore possible links between suspects and criminal activity, using the results of DNA and other scientific evidence.
- Consult with experts in specialized fields, to present a holistic picture related to the crime scene in as much detail as possible.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Passionate and curious nature.
- Detail oriented and meticulous at work.
- Analytical bent of mind to think critically and draw logical conclusions.
- Willingness to adapt to different work conditions.
- Ability to think out of the box.
- Strong scientific and theoretical background.
- Good communication skills.
- Work well within a team set up.
How to get there
Path 1 :
- Clear 12th standard in science stream
- Graduation in any science-related field or B.Sc. Forensic Sciences – 3 years
- M.Sc. Forensic Sciences – 2 years
- Ph.D- 3-4 years
Path 2 :
- Clear 12th standard in science stream
- Graduation in any science-related field or B.Sc. Forensic Sciences – 3 years
- Post-Graduate Diploma in Forensic Sciences – 1-2 years
Path 3 :
- Clear 12th standard in science stream
- MBBS – 4 years
- MD in Forensic Medicine – 2 years
Environmental Science
Overview
Environmental science studies the interaction between humans and the environment. In other words, it analyzes the natural and unnatural processes which impact and bring about change in the environment. It highlights the manner in which both life on earth as well as the environment itself adapts and evolves as a result of the interaction between the two. A central area of study in environmental science is addressing the different kinds of environmental issues that we are facing today. It provides the theoretical knowledge for coming up with durable solutions to deal with these problems. As a field it draws from geology, physics, biology, chemistry and even computer science. An interdisciplinary training within the realm of environmental science is important in order to understand, analyse and deal with complex environmental phenomenons and issues.
Job Prospects
Given below are certain fields under Chemistry which offer job opportunities :
- Waste Management Officer : They are responsible for managing the collection, recycling and disposal of waste in the area under their jurisdiction.
- Water Quality Scientist : They conduct tests on water samples from different sources; mainly – surface water(ponds, lakes etc), groundwater and drinking water and analyse the results obtained to make qualitative as well as quantitative inferences.
- Environmental Consultant : They provide consultancy services for private or public organisations on matters related to the environment such as soil contamination, water preservation and air pollution etc.
- Marine Biologist : Marine biologists study biological oceanography and the associated fields of chemical, physical and geological oceanography to understand marine organisms.
- Nature Conservation Officer : They manage the local environment with an emphasis on preserving and protecting areas of natural beauty and setting targets to promote biodiversity.
- Environmental Analyst : They analyse all aspects of the environment, either to develop an understanding of how things work or to learn what may be changing in relationship to something else.
- Wastewater Treatment, Plant Operator : Wastewater treatment plants work towards converting wastewater into safe and usable water. An operator working at the plant is responsible for overseeing the functioning of the unit.
- Sanitary Inspector : The primary role of a sanitary inspector is to ensure that rules and regulations laid out by the sanitation authority are adhered to. They can work in the food industry, housing sector, animal husbandry etc.
Roles & Responsibilities
Day-to-day duties depend on one’s area of specialization and work setting. Certain duties attached to this field are :
- Examining samples to compile data on compounds.
- Induce changes in composition of substances by introducing energy, heat, light and chemical catalysts for quantitative and qualitative analysis.
- Analyse organic and inorganic compounds to determine composition, structure, chemical and physical properties and relationships amongst them.
- Using a variety of analytical methods, instruments and softwares to conduct research on chemicals.
- Direct, coordinate and advise personnel in test procedures for analysing components and physical properties of materials.
- Presenting and publishing results based on experiments and research.
- Innovating techniques to examine drugs, chemicals, industrial products etc.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Have a passion for learning and a strong theoretical background.
- Need to have an analytical and investigative bent of mind.
- Ability to adapt and evolve with growing research in the field.
- Good observation skills.
- Detail oriented, persistent and resilient attitude towards work.
- Ability to work well within a team stup.
- Good communication and time management skills.
- Need to be able to make prompt and accurate decisions.
- Excellent problem solving skills.
- Ability to think in a critical fashion.
- Adequate organisational and managerial skills.
How to get there
Path 1 :
- Clear class 12th in Science stream
- B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry or B.Sc. (Hons) Chemistry – 3 years
- M.Sc. Chemistry – 2 years
Path 2 :
- Clear class 12th in Science stream
- B.Tech. Chemical Engineering – 4 years
- M.Sc. Chemistry – 2 years
Path 3 :
- Clear class 12th in Science stream
- B.Sc. (Hons) in Chemistry/Biochemistry for 3 years or B.Tech. in Chemical Engineering – 4 years
- PG Diploma in Chemistry/ Biochemistry/ Chemical Engineering – 1-2 years
Chemistry
Overview
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of the structure, composition, properties and behaviour of matter. Since everything is essentially made up of matter, chemistry is indispensable to us. It provides us knowledge regarding how and why substances combine or separate to form other substances, and also how substances interact with energy. It is a core subject in science which has an important role to play in our daily lives. It is essential for meeting our basic needs of food, clothing, shelter, health, energy, and clean air, water and soil. Chemical technologies enrich our quality of life in numerous ways by providing new solutions to problems in health and energy usage. Physical, organic, inorganic, analytic are five main branches of chemistry. There are further specialisations within each branch which open up job opportunities in industrial, educational, scientific or government fields.
Job Prospects
Given below are certain fields under Chemistry which offer job opportunities:
- Agriculture: Agricultural chemistry is concerned with the substances and chemical reactions that are involved with the production, protection and use of crops and livestock. Professionals in this field develop fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides necessary for large-scale crop production.
- Consulting: Consultants have specialised knowledge and experience in their field and are hired by different kinds of organisations such as government agencies, technological firms etc to provide guidance and meet the requirements of the organisations.
- Cosmetics Industry: Professionals in this field work towards creating cosmetic products in accordance with the rules and regulations laid out by governing bodies in the field.
- Engineering: Chemical engineers research and develop new materials or processes that involve chemical reactions. Chemical engineering combines a background in chemistry with engineering to solve technological problems. They devise new ways to make the manufacturing of products easier and cost effective, design and operate processing plants, develop safety procedures for handling dangerous materials and supervise the manufacture of nearly every product we use.
- Environment: Environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary study that involves both analytical chemistry and an understanding of environmental science. Professionals in this field, study how chemicals interact with the natural environment and device safe and effective ways to use natural resources for human consumption. For example – making water suitable for drinking.
- Food Industry: Food chemists improve the quality, safety, storage and taste of our food. They may work for private industry to develop new products and improve processing or for government agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration to inspect food products to protect them from contamination.
- Forensics: Forensic chemists capture and analyze the physical evidence left behind at a crime scene to help determine the identities of the people involved as well as to answer other vital questions regarding how a crime was carried out. Forensic chemists use a wide variety of methods such as chromatography, spectrometry and spectroscopy to study evidence that is collected.
- Healthcare: Chemists in the healthcare sector are referred to as clinical biochemists. Their work with teams of doctors to analyse, diagnose and treat a range of diseases.
- Material Sciences: Material scientists study the composition and structure of various materials with the goal of developing new products or improving existing ones.
- Military Science & Technology: Chemists working in the military assist in the development of new weapons, protective gear, pharmaceuticals, innovative medical treatments, food preservation techniques for soldiers and work on portable energy sources to power equipment and vehicles.
- Pharmaceuticals: Pharmaceutical chemists design, develop, analyse and regulate existing pharmaceutical drugs. They also research and develop new and cost-effective drugs for the market and test them to ensure that the products are suitable for public consumption.
- Research: Researchers in the field conduct experiments to develop new products, explain certain phenomena and gain better understanding of chemical components existing in any given material.
- Space Industry: Space chemistry is a relatively recent area of specialisation. Chemists play a vital role in helping design effective systems to propel space vehicles. They work on fuel propellants and use chemistry to develop new ideas for high-performance materials. They also help to identify the composition of stars and other distant objects in space.
- Teaching: An individual can build a lucrative career as an academician in this field. They can choose to teach in schools, colleges or universities. They can also conduct research and publish their findings to expand the theoretical boundaries in the field.
- Veterinary Sciences: Veterinarians are required to study chemistry to understand how animal bodies work. Chemists develop, test and administer drugs used to treat various diseases in animals.
Roles & Responsibilities
Day-to-day duties depend on one’s area of specialization and work setting. Certain duties attached to this field are:
- Examining samples to compile data on compounds.
- Induce changes in composition of substances by introducing energy, heat, light and chemical catalysts for quantitative and qualitative analysis.
- Analyse organic and inorganic compounds to determine composition, structure, chemical and physical properties and relationships amongst them.
- Using a variety of analytical methods, instruments and softwares to conduct research on chemicals.
- Direct, coordinate and advise personnel in test procedures for analysing components and physical properties of materials.
- Presenting and publishing results based on experiments and research.
- Innovating techniques to examine drugs, chemicals, industrial products etc.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Have a passion for learning and a strong theoretical background.
- Need to have an analytical and investigative bent of mind.
- Ability to adapt and evolve with growing research in the field.
- Good observation skills.
- Detail oriented, persistent and resilient attitude towards work.
- Ability to work well within a team stup.
- Good communication and time management skills.
- Need to be able to make prompt and accurate decisions.
- Excellent problem solving skills.
- Ability to think in a critical fashion.
- Adequate organisational and managerial skills.
How to get there
Path 1:
- Clear class 12th in Science stream
- B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry or B.Sc. (Hons) Chemistry – 3 years
- M.Sc. Chemistry – 2 years
Path 2:
- Clear class 12th in Science stream
- B.Tech. Chemical Engineering – 4 years
- M.Sc. Chemistry – 2 years
Path 3:
- Clear class 12th in Science stream
- B.Sc. (Hons) in Chemistry/Biochemistry for 3 years or B.Tech. in Chemical Engineering – 4 years
- PG Diploma in Chemistry/ Biochemistry/ Chemical Engineering – 1-2 years
Biology
Overview
Biology is a natural science which studies living organisms. Their physical structure, physiological mechanisms, chemical processes, molecular interactions, development and evolution forms the subject matter of biology. It helps us to understand the similarities and differences between different species on earth. There are numerous branches within biology such as zoology, botany, genealogy etc which overlap in their area of study. Irrespective of the subdiscipline, biology studies living organisms on the following five parameters: Cell theory, Energy, Hereditary, Equilibrium and Evolution. All fields of biology have expanded exponentially and touch every aspect of our lives. Medical advances such as tailormade therapy to treat individual patients based on their genetic makeup have been made possible because of expanding research in the field of biology. Similarly, economies hinge on the proper management of ecological resources, balancing human needs with conservation. Students interested in this field can choose from a variety of specialisations and subfields within the broad umbrella of biology. Given below are various fields under Biology:
- Botany : Botany also known as ‘Plant Biology’ involves the study of plants; their growth, structure, differentiation, evolution and development.
- Biophysics : Biophysics tries to understand biological phenomenons by applying principles and concepts from the field of physics.
- Biochemistry : Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms.
- Cellular Biology : It is the study of the basic cellular units of living things.
- Ecology : It is the study of how organisms interact with their environment.
- Evolutionary Biology : It isthe study of the origins and changes in the diversity of life over time.
- Genetics : It is the study of genes, heredity and genetic variations in living organisms.
- Molecular Biology : It is the study of biological molecules.
- Physiology : It is the study of the functions of organisms and their parts.
- Zoology : It is the scientific study of animals and their behaviour.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Biologist
- Academician
- Researcher
- Biomedical engineer
- Environmental scientist/conservationist
- Forensic scientist
- Microbiologist
- Pisciculturist
- Zoologist
Roles & Responsibilities
Certain duties attached to this field are:
- Study different aspects of living organisms; their composition, functioning, relationship, environments etc.
- Identifying, reporting, assorting, observing organisms in their natural environment.
- Observing the effects of human activities on the organisms.
- Working in the field or the laboratory to collect, categorise and analyse data.
- Use different kinds of scientific techniques and methods for experimentation and research.
- Preparing, presenting and publishing reports based on research findings.
- Attending conferences and seminars to stay in touch with the latest developments in the field.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field:
- Curious and inquisitive bent of mind.
- Good observation skills and detail oriented approach to work.
- Well versed in research and experimental techniques and methodology.
- Good analytical and critical thinking skills.
- Ability to investigate and document findings.
- Adapt well to different work settings.
- Good problem-solving and decision making skills.
- Strong theoretical and scientific background.
- Communicate well with others.
How to get there
Path 1:
- Clear 12th standard with science stream (Biology compulsory)
- B.Sc. (Hons) Biological Sciences / B.Sc. (Hons) in Life Sciences / B.Sc. (Hons) in Environmental Sciences or Bachelors in any other related fields – 3 years
- M.Sc. Bio-Sciences / M.Sc. in Life Sciences – 2 years
- Ph.D for 3-5 years
Path 2:
- Clear 12th standard with science stream (Biology compulsory)
- B.Sc. (Hons) Biological Sciences / B.Sc. (Hons) in Life Sciences / B.Sc. (Hons) in Environmental Sciences or Bachelors in any other related fields – 3 years
- Diploma/PG Diploma in Bio-Sciences or Life Sciences – 1 year
Path 3:
- Clear 12th standard with science stream (Biology compulsory)
- B.Sc. (Hons) in Genetics / B.Sc. (Hons) Biological Sciences / B.Sc. (Hons) Life Sciences – 3 years
- M.Sc. Genetics / M.Sc. Bio-sciences – 2 years
- Ph.D for 3-5 years.
Path 4:
- Clear 12th standard with science stream
- B.Tech. Genetic Engineering – 4 years
- M.Tech. Genetic Engineering – 2 years
- Ph.D for 3-5 years.
- Bachelor’s degree – A Bachelor of Science Degree in Biology or closely related fields such as Botany or Biochemistry is important. Completing coursework in biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics is a great way to build an educational foundation for a prospective career in biology.
- Master’s degree – Depending on the interest and aptitude, a master’s degree is typically sufficient for many applied research positions. To become a biologist who works in research and university teaching positions a PhD in Biology is needed.
- Internship – Internships are a great way to kick start one’s career and gain exposure to the field. It is a great way to know the responsibilities and skills needed to be successful in the field as well as build a network with professionals working in the field.
Agricultural Science
Overview
Agricultural science is a broad field which deals with the production and processing of food and fiber. A variety of different products are developed with the help of various technologies like crop cultivation, harvesting, soil cultivation, animal production and so on for human consumption and use. Agricultural science uses the fundamentals of biology, mathematics, chemistry, physics and statistics to solve different kind of problems faced by the agriculture and food industry. Field of agricultural science has become vital in today’s day and age in tackling challenges such as increasing population, unpredictable weather changes, natural disasters, devising suitable post–harvest storage facilities and operational issues faced at the time of implementing processing technologies. Given below are various fields under Agriculture Science:
- Agricultural Biotechnology : Agricultural biotechnology, also known as Agritech, is an area of agricultural science involving the use of scientific tools and techniques. It includes aspects of genetic engineering, molecular markers, molecular diagnostics, vaccines and tissue culture.
- Agronomy : Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber and land reclamation. It plays an important role in plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology and soil science.
- Plant Pathology : Plant pathologists study the causes of sickness (pathogens) in plants. They work towards understanding the interaction of pathogens with their environment to prevent disease and ensure healthy growth of plants.
- Horticulture : Horticulture is the science and art of growing plants. Horticulturists work involves plant propagation and cultivation with the aim of improving plant growth, yields, quality, nutritional value and ensuring resistance to insects, diseases and environmental stresses.
- Agricultural Engineering : The field of agricultural engineering studies agricultural production and processing. It combines the engineering principles with agricultural principles to improve the efficacy and sustainability of agricultural practices.
- Pedology : Pedology, also known as ‘Soil Science’, is the study of soil as a natural resource. This field includes the study of soil formation, it’s classification &mapping and fertility properties which influences its management.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Plant biotechnologist
- Agricultural engineer
- Horticulturist
- Dairy Science, Technology & Management
- Agricultural inspection & quality assurance
- Agricultural (Economics, Business Management, Finance & Accounting, Sales, Marketing & Merchandising)
- Academic Research & Teaching
Roles & Responsibilities
Duties in the field depend upon one’s are of specialisation and nature of work. Some of them are as follows:
- Conduct research and experiments to improve the productivity and sustainability of crops.
- Share research findings with manufacturers, producers, policy makers as well as the consumers.
- Develop newer and better ways to process, package and deliver food products.
- Study the composition of soil in depth to develop strategies and methodologies for its maximum utilisation without disturbing the ecological balance.
- Develop cost effective ways of producing agricultural products by researching and experimenting with plant yields, animal reproduction, nutrition and farm management.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field:
- Adaptability in order to perform a multitude of tasks and respond efficiently to changing work environments.
- Good interpersonal and communication skills.
- Excellent time management and organization skills.
- Open to learning new agricultural practices and having the skill set to implement them effectively.
- Staying up–to–date with the latest technological advancements in the field.
- Ability to take prompt decisions and have an analytic approach towards resolving issues.
How to get there
Entrance Exams:
- ICAR Entrance Exam (ICAR–AIEEA) – Exam conducted by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
- The Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board (ASRB) holds the National Eligibility Test (NET–I) for agriculture.